Military Role in Fascism ‘Prequel’

Review by Bill Doughty––

It wasn’t until Imperial Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and Germany declared war on the United States in December 1945, that the burning embers of fascism dimmed and hot coals of active antisemitism, Christian nationalism, and Nazi support –– even in the U.S. Congress –– lost their glow.

But the fire never completely went cold.

Prior to World War II and even after, brave Americans sought to root out the supporters of fascism who went so far as to try to recruit members of the military as well as military veterans to their cause. One fighter of domestic fascism was a WWI veteran named Leon Lewis. 

Lewis sought to uncover a conspiracy of violent extremism targeting Jewish Americans and institutions. It’s one of the stories recounted in “Prequel: An American Fight Against Fascism” by Rachel Maddow (Crow, Penguin Random House, 2023).

“What Leon Lewis decided to do was something incredible. And incredibly dangerous. He went out and recruited a small group of men, picked from the exact same pool the Nazis were after –– disgruntled non-Jewish American veterans of the recent war [World War I],” Maddow writes.

“But the Lewis operation did more than simply investigate and report. Before long, Lewis and his team scuttled a plot by U.S. Marines to sell guns and ammunition to the American fascists. Lewis and his underground team could not be credited in public for their part in this operation, but it did earn them the enduring and crucial admiration of high-ranking naval intelligence officers. They also exposed an elaborate inside-job scheme to take control of U.S. military armories on the West Coast. That plan was run by Dietrich Gefken, a German national who had been one of the early organizers of Hitler’s Brownshirts in Munich. After joining the California National Guard and inventorying the cache of rifles, machine guns, and coastal artillery pieces on hand at the San Francisco armory, Gefken had drawn up ‘the Armory plans, floor plans, location of ammunition and lockers and rifles, the list of addresses of the officers and all that was needed to take over the Armory on a given notice.’ Lewis’s spies handed over their evidence of Gefken’s plot to military intelligence officials, who shut it down.”

How Naval intelligence officers at the Navy base in San Diego helped bring the wider plot to light is almost an aside, but the story should be of great interest to military readers.

On the East Coast, more than 20,000 people attended an antisemitic pro-Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden in 1939. One of the banners visible in the above photo reads, "Stop Jewish Domination of Christian America." The rally was dubbed a patriotic pro-American event tied, without irony, to George Washington’s birthday. [General/President Washington rejected calls from supporters to become dictator of the young United States.]

How could the rising flames of fascism in the United States in the 1930s be forgotten in time? In interviews promoting “Prequel,” Maddow notes how the bigger story of the war in Europe (and the Pacific) eclipsed the story of homegrown fascism and Nazism and the quiet patriots who battled the threat to democracy here.

Brave and truly patriotic men such as Lewis, O. John Rogge, Dillard Stokes, Henry Hoke, Eric Sevareid, Drew Pearson, and William Power Maloney stood up and spoke out against antisemitism and against indifference and obstruction by the Truman Administration, as demonstrated by Attorney General Francis Biddle and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.

Federal prosecutor Rogge

“The plain truth is that the FBI was missing in action as fascism and Nazism took root and grew  in the United States in the mid-1930s,” Maddow notes.

Despite having the rug pulled out from under them in their prosecution of the fascists, both Maloney and Rogge continued with honor, courage, and commitment to uncover and report domestic enemies and violent extremists.

“Maloney and his investigators had discovered the double helix of the violent, Nazi-supporting, and Nazi-supported threat in the United States; it was part foreign and part domestic, part propaganda and part armed paramilitary movement.” He had led the investigation into Nazi propagandists using frank privileges at taxpayers’ expense. After federal service, he continued a career as a colorful and successful prosecutor.

“Rogge’s new charging document, like Maloney’s, alleged violations of the Smith Act –– an effort to demoralize America’s armed forces. But Rogge had sharpened the case, alleging targeted effort by the defendants to recruit National Guardsmen, reservists, and even active-duty U.S. troops into these ultra-right groups, where they could use their military skills, connections, and access to weapons to help arm and train paramilitary fascists for the overthrow of the U.S. government.”

Rogge uncovered evidence against American fascists and Nazi-supporters when he provided support to the Nuremberg trials after the war.

Men of character like Lewis, Rogge, Stokes, Hoke and others were seemingly outnumbered by questionable characters –– men (and some women) who placed greed, power, and religion above the Constitution, people like:

• George Deatherage: “He saw himself a red-blooded, real-American patriot, a dedicated Christian, a fierce protector of (white) Western civilization.”
• Huey Long: This Louisiana politician was an early version of the charismatic narcissistic populist and would-be dictator who formed his own militia and embraced violence against his detractors.
• Father Charles Coughlin: The Rush Limbaugh or Alex Jones of his generation, he was a Catholic priest with a wildly popular radio show who called for violence against “tyrants” after naming FDR and jews as tyrants.
• John Cassidy: He was a self-described "Christian martyr" who wanted to become the "American Fuhrer."
• Senator Ernest Lundeen (R) of Minnesota: Was as corrupt as they come, even taking payroll kickbacks from his own staff, instrumental in promoting support for Hitler in America. Maddow’s description of his death in a suspicious plane crash is as graphic and horrible as can be imagined. Readers may want to look away.
• George Sylvester Viereck: The Nazi agent. He was convicted in June 1943 for violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act. While he was in jail, Viereck's eldest son and namesake, a corporal in the U.S. Army, fought and died for the Allies in Italy.
• Major General George Van Horn Moseley: He was pro-gun but against FDR and anti-redistribution of wealth; he called for the sterilization of any jews who immigrated to the United States.
• Senator Robert Rice Reynolds (D) of North Carolina: He wanted to build a wall around the entire United States, in part to keep out Jews.
• Representative Hamilton Fish (R) of New York: He supported Hitler’s Germany and “was hopeful that tensions over Germany’s designs on Poland could be resolved peacefully, and that Germany’s claims were ‘just.’” His calls: “AWAKE CHRISTIAN AMERICA” and “LET’S SAVE U.S. FOR US.”
• Senator William “Wild Bill” Langer (R) of North Dakota: As governor he was charged, convicted, and sentenced to 18 months in prison, but who declared martial law and tried to declare North Dakota’s independence from the United States. As senator, he sabotaged the investigation of rising fascism.
• Senator Burton K. Wheeler (D) of Montana: an isolationist and propagandist for Germany who was eventually accused of treason. He attempted to use his position in Congress to influence the military, especially the Lend-Lease Act, and prevent America’s support to Britain in WWII.
• Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh: Both were champions of Adolf Hitler and vice versa. Lindbergh zeig heiled at an America First rally with Wheeler. Ford was lauded by Adolf Hitler, who kept a photo of the white Christian nationalist CEO in his office.

America Firsters Wheeler and Lindbergh

There were many more who sought to weaken the Constitution and democracy in favor of autocracy and theocracy.

Expressions of outright antisemitism and fascism by elected officials led to plots of violence on the home front.

Groups such as the “Christian Front” and “Country Gentlemen” planned an armed insurrection, including bombings of Jewish and Leftist establishments as well as newspaper offices. Their hope was similar to Timothy McVeigh’s goal –– to start a race war that would bring down the federal government.

“It was what we’d call today an ‘accelerationist’ strategy,” Maddow explains.

“Much as white supremacists hope terroristic, spectacular, cruel acts toward racial minorities will provoke retaliation and reprisal to touch off a wholesale race war that they are sure they will win, the Christian Fronters believed American could easily be tipped into a war against Jews and communists in which they themselves not only would end up on the winning side, but would be hailed as a heroic vanguard.

“George Van Horn Moseley’s name kept coming up in planning meetings for the attack, because they were still counting on the general to take the reins as America’s new military dictator after the coup was complete.”

There are numerous parallels from the 1930s and ‘40s that continue to smolder: the coup attempt of January 6, other acts of violent extremism in the name of the former President (who calls opponents “vermin” that poison the “blood” of America), and Trump’s desire to call for the Insurrection Act in order to use the military against U.S. citizens in violation of posse comitatus.

Germany justified war in Europe based on grievances and a Big Lie about Jews. Putin did the same thing. And Trump builds his power and funding on perceived grievances and the Big Lie of a stolen election. It is no accident that Trump launched his current presidential campaign at Waco, Texas, on the 30th anniversary of the Branch Davidian tragedy, which was the basis for Timothy McVeigh's grievances.

There are other parallels and similarities linking past and present. Accusers and their two dozen or more sympathizers in Congress chose to investigate the investigators. They called for President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s impeachment based on conspiracies and conjecture without evidence. They used various tactics to disrupt and delay justice in the courts. And they attacked the free press.

The propagandists supported Germany’s efforts to divide American citizens: “A partisan, bickering, demoralized America, the Nazis believed, would be incapable of mounting a successful war effort in Europe.”

Fascists and fundamentalists –– past and present –– tried to recruit military service members and veterans. Eighty and ninety years ago a disproportionate number of law enforcement (“law and ORDER”) personnel supported fascists. Meanwhile, Hollywood –– led by MGM –– and the mainstream media –– led by the Washington Post –– shined a light on the lawbreakers and seditionists. When caught up in the scandal, perpetrators tried to burn evidence, (albeit not in a White House fireplace).

In 1942, federal prosecutors indicted 28 people and charged them (almost RICO-style) with sedition with “intent to interfere with, impair, and influence the loyalty, morale, and discipline of the military and naval forces of the United States.” Prosecutors received hate mail and death threats.

Greedy and self-serving politicians stoked conspiracies and fears to hold on to power, especially fear of immigrants, communists, socialists, and Jewish people. Father Coughlin and others attempted to form a third party of Christian nationalists to compete against President Roosevelt, claiming FDR was a Jew.

But there could be signs of hope: The election of Nov. 7, 1944 proved the strength of democracy over the glowing coals of fascism, when FDR won a landslide victory. “The president who had been leading the country in the war against the Nazis, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, won an unprecedented fourth term, with 432 electoral votes to Thomas E. Dewey’s 99,” Maddow writes. “Roosevelt’s Democrats gained twenty-two seats in the House and protected their whopping nineteen-vote cushion in the Senate.”

Rachel Maddow speaks with Lt. Col. Andy Gerlach of the South Dakota Army National Guard in Afghanistan in July 2010. (Sgt. Rebecca Linder)

Maddow is also author of “Bagman” and “Drift.” She is a big supporter of military service members, veterans, and the Constitution. She bemoans the gap between civilians and their military, and she calls for accountability, transparency, and maximal diplomacy before American men and women are sent into war.

Both the Prequel book and preceding Ultra podcast feature Maddow’s storytelling at its best, but the book may better. While the serialized Prequel podcast broke ground on the compelling story of the threat to democracy from within, the book really fleshes out the story as only a book can, complete with extensive notes, a helpful index, compelling photos, and detail we can read and will want to re-read. This is a book that can help every American understand the threat of the fires of antisemitism, fascism, and authoritarianism.

In 2023 and 2024 the embers are glowing brighter.

‘The Root’: In Tribute to Veterans

Review by Bill Doughty––

The bombing was accurately described by Marine historian, journalist, and author Eric Hammel and his publisher as a “disaster”:

“At 6:22 a.m. on October 23, 1983, a yellow Mercedes truck raced across the parking lot of the Beirut International Airport in Lebanon. Crashing through a chain-link gate into the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit’s headquarters compound, it raced on, careening through a shack and into the open atrium lobby of a terminal building where the men were housed, many still asleep.

“The truck lurched to a stop. Seconds later, 12,000 pounds of high explosives piled in the bed of the truck exploded. The four-story steel and concrete building shuddered, then collapsed. Two hundred forty-one Americans were killed and many more injured in the disaster.”

The book’s cover sets the stage for “The Root: The Marines in Beirut, August 1982 - February 1984” by Eric Hammel (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985). Hammel arrived in Beirut Lebanon 40 years ago this month. He interviewed nearly 200 enlisted personnel and officers and reported on the who, what, when, where, and why of the devastating terrorist bombing of the barracks in a city the Marines nicknamed The Root. United States Marines and Navy and Army support personnel had been sent to Lebanon by then-President Ronald Reagan as part of a peacekeeping mission.

I was drawn to this book after reading and reviewing another contemporaneous account of the bombing, “Peacekeepers at War” by Col. Timothy J. Geraghty, USMC (ret.). Like Geraghty, Hammel brings forth fresh-at-the time details and rich context while focusing on the courage and sacrifice of service members involved. Hammel says upfront he is focused primarily on the Marines themselves:

“This is not a book about Beirut or Lebanon in the wake of the June 1982 Israeli invasion, nor is it about the Lebanese people, the Lebanese religious and political factions, Lebanon’s problems with its Syrian and Israeli neighbors, nor even the goals and aspirations articulated by the Reagan administration with respect to its hastily conceived and cosmetic solutions for the ongoing Lebanese tragedy. All those factors are part of this book only insofar as they impact upon Marines who were in Beirut.”

Beirut Memorial Run Oct. 20, Lejeune Memorial Gardens (LCpl. Ramsammy)

The relevance and parallels of what happened in Beirut 40 years ago to what is now happening in the Middle East are striking. 

Then, in 1983, the Israeli Defense Force invaded Lebanon after Islamist extremists in the Palestine Liberation Organization attacked villagers in northern Israel and established a “state within a state” within Lebanon, supported by the Palestine Liberation Army and Syria. Today, Israel is invading the southern sector of Gaza, after extremist Islamists in Hamas barbarically attacked innocent civilians in southern Israel with support from Iran and its agents.

In both cases, innocent civilians were and are caught in the crossfire of massive air and artillery bombardments. 

In both cases Islamist terrorists use civilians as human shields out of religious extremist beliefs justifying sacrifice for a greater good. 

And in both cases, the U.S. military assets respond in support of Israel in an attempt to deter an expansion of the war.

[Yesterday a U.S. MQ-9drone was reported to have been downed by attackers off the coast Yemen. Commenting in response, Neil Cavuto of FOX News said, “The war nobody wants to widen keeps stubbornly trying to widen.” Last night, most Republican candidates for president said in a televised NBC debate that the United States should attack Iran directly. Whether there will be further escalation, especially with Iran, is yet to be determined in that volatile region.]

Hammel describes a yawning “chasm that separates perception from reality in the Middle East.”

While the title of the book “The Root” refers to the city occupied by the Marines and other military personnel, there is also a possible double entendre. The root of the problem of the yawning “chasm that separates perception from reality” is religion –– A conflict between Moslems, Jews and Christians; a deadly feud between Shiite and Sunni sects; and a theocratic forever war by Islamist Jihadists against freedom, democracy, and diversity.

Clear-eyed reasoning can confront other root causes of world conflict and potential war: past imperialism, current overpopulation, and future climate change resulting in more mass migrations.

Hammel’s carefully researched and reported accounting of the Beirut tragedy is presented in who (including the names of U.S. service members killed in Lebanon September 1982 through February 1984), what (excellent descriptive writing), when (a chronological narrative), where (helpful maps and diagrams), and why (a scathing conclusion in the book’s epilogue).

He recounts the heroism of the Marines and Navy personnel who doggedly tried to make their mission a success despite growing attacks and other incidents of violence, including sniper fire in the months leading up to the bombing. “As nearly as any of the American servicemen who were directly involved could tell, the August 28 fighting in and around Beirut was precipitated by the desecration of a Maronite Christian church with posters depicting the Ayatollah Khomeini.”

Hammel describes the suicide bombing of the barracks with attention to detail and through the eyes and voices of the service members who experienced the horror. His matter-of-fact style brings forth the true heroism of the service members who responded, rescued and recovered their shipmates as well as the aftermath of dealing with the tragedy on the home front.

The epigraph of the book reads: “For the Marines, Sailors, and Soldiers Who Died in Beirut –– and for their families.”

This book is a good read as we approach Veterans Day and the Marine Corps Birthday, both occurring this weekend. Forty years ago the Marine Corps Birthday Ball, which is held anywhere in the world in which there are Marines, was a solemn event worldwide. There are moments of solemnity and remembrance at all Marine Corps birthday commemorations, where a table is set aside with empty chairs to remember the Marines who had made the ultimate sacrifice.

Leaders who send service members in harms way must always consider the why.

“The Root” hits home the truism that those who do not learn the lessons, mistakes, and disasters of history are condemned to repeat them.

Hammel died three years ago. He is remembered and honored by the Beirut Veterans Association as a “final muster,” publishing a note from Hammel’s son Daniel at the time of Eric’s death: “My dad wrote a lot of books about a lot of people, but there was no group that he was more in touch with than yours. I know that he touched many of your lives and many of you touched his. He saw you all as brothers, even though he didn't serve, he loved you all."

Top photo: U.S. Marines with the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing Band and U.S. Marine Corps Forces Europe and Africa prepare to enter a memorial service during a Beirut bombing commemoration in Lyon, France, Oct. 21, 2023. The Beirut bombing memorial commemorates the 40th anniversary of the attacks conducted against the French and Americans. (LCpl. Mary Linniman)